Trajectories of circular economy in cities: Key patterns and emerging pathways

Urbanisation and escalating resource pressures have intensified the need for systemic approaches to sustainable development, positioning the circular economy (CE) as a critical framework for cities. This study reviews academic literature to examine current trends, challenges, and forward-looking strategies for CE implementation in urban contexts. Using a search process aligned with the PRISMA protocol, 668 peer-reviewed articles were analysed through inductive content analysis. The findings reveal that CE practices in cities are increasingly shaped by global sustainability agendas, particularly in relation to SDGs 9 to 12. The analysis identifies eight thematic clusters that characterise urban CE pathways: urban planning and the built environment, energy and mobility systems, waste and resource management, water and urban agriculture, citizen engagement, governance and regulation, technological innovation, and socio-cultural transformation. A conceptual framework integrating eight thematic clusters is presented, illustrating how cities transition from linear to circular systems through policy alignment, digital innovation, and multisectoral collaboration. Case studies from global urban centres illustrate strategies ranging from smart infrastructure and circular procurement to social inclusion and localised production, all of which enable CE advancement. These findings reinforce the view of CE as a multidimensional approach capable of fostering urban resilience, environmental stewardship, and inclusive economic growth.