Paul M. Smith PhD, FBASES, FHEA is a Principal Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Physiology at Cardiff Metropolitan University. Paul is located in the School of Sport and Health Sciences and conducts research in a variety of topics. His speciality lies within the area of methodological design and applications of upper body exercise (aka arm crank ergometry), but also has a vested interest and experience in researching and supporting Para athletes who pursue the sport of Handcycling. Paul is keen to explore research topics that involve interdisciplinary approaches, including the design and development of novel pieces of equipment to explore both acute responses and chronic, training adaptations to tailored training interventions.