Utopia, industry, planning, paradoxes, and possible futures. Comparisons between Raša (HR) and Ivrea (IT)

The twentieth-century utopias are almost all explicitly linked to the industrial-production factor, which determines the identifying figure within the historical urban landscape; the economic component is therefore indissolubly connected to the social one, providing the characterization of these urban organisms, generating the contradictions that lead to the crisis. It is within this mechanism that the key to reading and acting on those ideal cities must be sought; ideal cities raised to this rank by our vulnerability to the externalization of living principles; perhaps those principles do not differ in their essential structures from those in which we already live; following this logical path it could be declared that utopias are not utopias, and ideal cities are not ideal, but they are explicit