Narco-Submarines: Stateless Vessel Interceptions and Maritime Security

This paper explores the emerging threat to maritime security posed by narco-submarines—specially designed, semi-submersible or fully submersible vessels used primarily for the covert transportation of narcotics across international waters. It examines the operational use of these vessels and situates their deployment within the broader framework of international maritime law and security. The analysis challenges existing interpretations of jurisdiction under international law, proposing that the protective principle offers the most suitable legal basis for states to assert jurisdiction over such threats, even when they occur outside their territorial waters. In addition, the paper critically evaluates the United States' Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (MDLEA) and the Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act (DTVIA), considering how these statutes align—or conflict—with established norms of international law. Through this examination, the paper highlights the evolving legal and security challenges posed by narco-submarines and underscores the need for coherent international responses.