Introduction: Exploring Travel Disruptions: Impacts, Responses, and Resilience

With increasing disruptions from natural disasters, health crises, and geopolitical events, understanding the multifaceted impacts on the travel ecosystem has become essential. Analysing the economic, sociocultural, and environmental consequences across interconnected destinations is critical to identifying systemic risks and vulnerabilities (Nyaupane, Poudel, & Timothy, 2018; Alvarez, Bahja, & Fyall, 2022). Equally crucial is the exploration of response mechanisms, including crisis management, coordinated communication, and government policies designed to maintain traveller confidence and facilitate recovery (Carlsen & Liburd, 2008). However, as Calgaro, Lloyd, and Dominey-Howes (2014) argue, simply mitigating immediate impacts is insufficient; a proactive, holistic approach is required to build long-term resilience within travel systems.