Intelligent transportation systems: A survey on modern hardware devices for the era of machine learning

The increasing complexity of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), that comprise a wide variety of applications and services, has imposed a necessity for high-performance Modern Hardware Devices (MHDs). The performance challenge has become more noticeable with the integration of Machine Learning (ML) techniques deployed in large-scale settings. ML has effectively supported the field of ITS by providing efficient and optimized solutions to problems that were otherwise tackled using traditional statistical and analytical approaches. Addressing the hardware deployment needs of ITS in the era of ML is a challenging problem that involves temporal, spatial, environmental, and economical factors. This survey reviews the recent literature of ML-driven ITS, in which MHDs were utilized, with a focus on performance indicators. A taxonomy is then synthesized, giving a complete representation of what the current capabilities of the surveyed ITS rely on in terms of ML techniques and technological infrastructure. To alleviate the difficulties faced in the non-trivial task of selecting suitable ML techniques and MHDs for an ITS with a specific complexity level, a performance evaluation framework is proposed. The presented survey sets the basis for developing suitable hardware, facilitating the integration of ML within ITS, and bridging the gap between research and real-world deployments.